seizure first aid

What to Do If Someone Has a Seizure

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What to Do If Someone Has a Seizure

Understanding Seizures

What Is a Seizure?

A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain. It can cause changes in your behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. Think of your brain like a supercomputer — when a seizure happens, it’s like a system crash. The brain’s normal signals get scrambled, causing temporary confusion, staring spells, jerking movements, or even loss of awareness.

Seizures aren’t all the same. Some are barely noticeable and last just a few seconds, while others can be more dramatic and last several minutes. They don’t always indicate epilepsy — a chronic condition that involves recurring seizures — but they do signal that something is affecting the brain’s function.

The first step in helping someone who is experiencing a seizure is to understand that it’s a medical event. It’s not caused by demons, curses, or spirits — despite the myths still held in some parts of the world. It’s purely a neurological issue. It’s not contagious, and the person isn’t in control of what’s happening. Your calmness, quick thinking, and kindness can make a massive difference.

Common Types of Seizures

Seizures come in many forms, and understanding the most common types can help you react appropriately.

  1. Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures (Grand Mal): This is the type most people imagine when they think of seizures. The person loses consciousness, falls to the ground, and their body stiffens and jerks uncontrollably. It can be frightening to witness but usually lasts less than two minutes.

  2. Absence Seizures (Petit Mal): More common in children, these involve brief episodes of staring into space or subtle body movements like eye blinking or lip-smacking. They often last only a few seconds and may go unnoticed.

  3. Focal Seizures (Partial Seizures): These start in one area of the brain and can affect movement, emotions, or sensations. Some focal seizures may involve twitching or sensory changes, while others may alter awareness or cause repetitive movements.

  4. Atonic Seizures: These cause a sudden loss of muscle control, making the person collapse or fall. They can result in injuries due to sudden drops.

  5. Myoclonic Seizures: Brief, shock-like jerks of a muscle or group of muscles, often occurring shortly after waking up.

Each type requires a slightly different response. But one golden rule applies to all: keep the person safe, and don’t panic.

Causes and Triggers of Seizures

Seizures can be caused by various conditions or events, many of which are not immediately obvious. Here are some of the most common causes:

  • Epilepsy: The most well-known cause, where the person has recurring, unprovoked seizures.

  • Fever (Febrile Seizures): Particularly in children, high fevers can lead to convulsions.

  • Head Injury: Trauma to the head can trigger seizures, even years after the injury.

  • Infections: Such as meningitis or encephalitis.

  • Stroke or Brain Tumor: These can irritate brain tissue and lead to seizures.

  • Blood Sugar Imbalances: Both low and high blood sugar levels can disrupt brain function.

  • Alcohol or Drug Withdrawal: Seizures are common in withdrawal syndromes.

  • Genetic Disorders: Some people are born with conditions that affect brain activity.

Even stress, flashing lights, lack of sleep, or missed medication can trigger seizures in those prone to them. Knowing potential causes helps you assess the situation better when someone has a seizure.

Recognizing the Signs of a Seizure

Early Warning Signs

Some people experience what’s known as an “aura” before a seizure hits. This is like a pre-warning system the brain sends out. It can include:

  • A strange smell or taste

  • Visual disturbances like flashing lights

  • Sudden fear or anxiety

  • Dizziness or lightheadedness

  • Numbness or tingling in parts of the body

  • Déjà vu or jamais vu (feeling like something is familiar or unfamiliar)

Not everyone has an aura, and not all auras are followed by a major seizure, but they can be helpful indicators that something’s about to happen.

During the Seizure: What You Might See

The signs of an active seizure depend on the type, but here’s what you may observe:

  • Sudden collapse or falling to the ground

  • Muscle stiffening followed by rhythmic jerking movements (in tonic-clonic seizures)

  • Eyes rolling back in the head

  • Loss of consciousness or unresponsiveness

  • Strange, repetitive movements like lip-smacking, hand rubbing, or pacing

  • Blank staring or sudden confusion

  • Making strange sounds or mumbling

  • Involuntary urination or biting the tongue

It can be distressing to witness, especially if you’re unprepared. The best thing you can do is stay calm and remember: this will pass. Most seizures last between 30 seconds and 2 minutes. Time it discreetly if you can.

Post-Seizure Symptoms and Behaviors

Once the seizure ends, the person doesn’t usually spring back to full alertness. This is known as the postictal phase, and it can last from a few minutes to several hours. During this time, the individual may:

  • Be confused or disoriented

  • Feel sleepy or want to lie down

  • Have difficulty speaking or forming sentences

  • Complain of headaches or muscle aches

  • Be embarrassed or upset

  • Not remember the seizure at all

Offer gentle reassurance and avoid overwhelming them with questions. They might be scared, confused, or even embarrassed. Your calm support can help ground them and ease their recovery.

Immediate Steps to Take During a Seizure

Step-by-Step Emergency Response

If you witness someone having a seizure, here’s a simple checklist to follow:

  1. Stay Calm: Your reaction sets the tone for everyone else nearby.

  2. Time the Seizure: Use your phone or watch. If it lasts more than 5 minutes, call emergency services.

  3. Protect the Person from Injury:

    • Clear the area of sharp or hard objects.

    • Place something soft (like a folded jacket) under their head.

  4. Loosen Tight Clothing: Especially around the neck — this helps with breathing.

  5. Turn Them on Their Side: If possible, this prevents choking on saliva or vomit.

  6. Do NOT Hold Them Down: Let the seizure run its course.

  7. Do NOT Put Anything in Their Mouth: It’s a myth that people swallow their tongues — trying to force something in can cause harm.

  8. Stay with Them: Until they’re fully alert and responsive.

  9. Reassure Them: As they regain awareness, speak gently and clearly.

This simple, calm response can prevent injuries and provide the person with the support they desperately need during and after the seizure.

What NOT to Do During a Seizure

Misinformation can be dangerous. Here are the things you should absolutely avoid:

  • Don’t stick anything in the person’s mouth. You could break their teeth or block their airway.

  • Don’t try to restrain their movements. You could hurt them or yourself.

  • Don’t offer water, food, or pills during or right after a seizure. They could choke.

  • Don’t assume they’re possessed, faking it, or overreacting. That kind of thinking is outdated and harmful.

  • Don’t leave them alone. They need you to watch for signs of distress and help them feel safe.

Knowing what not to do is just as important as knowing what to do.

Ensuring the Person’s Safety

Safety first, always. Every second counts. If the person falls, hits their head, or starts bleeding, tend to that once the seizure has passed. If the seizure happens in a dangerous area (like near water, traffic, or stairs), gently guide them to a safer space once it’s over.

Also, make sure bystanders don’t crowd the individual. Give them space. Privacy and dignity are often overlooked in emergencies — do your best to provide both.

When to Call for Emergency Help

Situations That Require 911

Not all seizures require emergency medical attention, but some situations definitely do. If you encounter any of the following scenarios, don’t hesitate — call emergency services right away:

  • Seizure lasts more than 5 minutes: This could indicate status epilepticus, a dangerous condition that needs urgent medical intervention.

  • The person has multiple seizures in a row: If they’re not regaining consciousness between seizures, this is a red flag.

  • Difficulty breathing or waking up after the seizure: Seizures can cause airway blockages or lead to respiratory problems.

  • The person is injured: Falls, head trauma, bleeding, or broken bones all require medical evaluation.

  • It’s their first seizure ever: You have no history to go off, so medical assessment is necessary.

  • They’re pregnant or have a known medical condition: Seizures in pregnant women can be signs of eclampsia, which is life-threatening.

  • They’re having the seizure in water: Even if they seem fine afterward, inhaling water can cause complications.

  • The person doesn’t return to normal behavior after the seizure ends: Extended confusion, unresponsiveness, or strange behavior post-seizure needs a professional evaluation.

When in doubt, it’s better to be cautious. Let emergency responders assess the situation.

Special Considerations for Children and the Elderly

Seizures in children and elderly people should always be taken seriously. Their brains and bodies respond differently, and complications are more likely.

For Children:

  • Febrile seizures (caused by high fever) are common in toddlers but usually harmless. Still, a first-time seizure should always be evaluated.

  • If a child is shaking uncontrollably, not breathing properly, or unresponsive, call emergency services immediately.

  • Ask the parents or guardians about medical history if they’re nearby.

For the Elderly:

  • Seizures might be mistaken for strokes or fainting. Look for patterns like confusion, staring spells, or unresponsiveness.

  • Underlying conditions like diabetes, stroke, or dementia could trigger a seizure or make it more dangerous.

  • Medication interactions are common — seniors often take multiple prescriptions, some of which can cause seizures.

When a vulnerable person has a seizure, err on the side of caution and get help fast.

After the Seizure: Post-Seizure Care

Helping the Person Regain Awareness

Once the seizure ends, the brain starts to reboot — but it takes time. This stage can be disorienting and even scary for the person who just had the seizure.

Here’s how you can help:

  • Stay Calm and Present: Speak gently and clearly. Use their name if you know it.

  • Don’t Overwhelm Them: Keep instructions simple. Ask only basic questions like “Are you okay?” or “Do you know where you are?”

  • Let Them Rest: Many people feel exhausted after a seizure. Allow them to sit or lie down in a safe, quiet space.

  • Offer a Drink of Water: But only after they’re fully alert and able to swallow safely.

  • Check for Injuries: If they hit their head or bit their tongue, they might need medical attention.

  • Avoid Judgment or Panic: Some people feel embarrassed, especially if they wet themselves or lost control during the seizure. Be kind. Reassure them that it wasn’t their fault.

You don’t need to be a medical expert — just a compassionate human. Your support can make all the difference in how they recover mentally and emotionally.

Talking and Reassuring the Person

Once they’re more aware, keep your tone light and positive. Say things like:

  • “You’re okay, you just had a seizure. Everything’s under control.”

  • “You’re safe. I stayed with you the whole time.”

  • “You’re doing great — just take your time to rest.”

Avoid asking too many questions at once. Don’t quiz them about what happened — they likely won’t remember much. Focus instead on making them feel safe and supported.

If they seem confused or scared, validate their feelings. Let them know it’s normal to feel that way after a seizure. If they want to talk, listen. If they want quiet, respect that too.

Monitoring Recovery and Follow-Up

Even after they seem better, it’s wise to keep an eye on them for a while. Here’s what to watch for:

  • Lingering Confusion or Memory Loss: This is common but should slowly improve.

  • Repeating Questions: They might ask the same things over and over.

  • Fatigue: It’s totally normal to need a nap or rest after a seizure.

  • Headaches or Soreness: Muscle aches and headaches can follow especially intense seizures.

  • Nausea or Dizziness: Watch out for signs they might fall or faint.

Encourage the person to follow up with a doctor, even if they’ve had seizures before. New triggers, medication changes, or unusual symptoms should always be discussed with a healthcare provider.

If they live alone, consider staying with them for a while or arranging for someone to check on them later.

Special Scenarios

Seizures in Public Places

It can be scary when someone has a seizure in a busy place like a mall, train station, or on the street. Here’s how to manage:

  • Create a Safe Space: Ask people to move back. Give the person breathing room.

  • Shield Them: Use your body or coat to provide some privacy.

  • Stay with Them: Most people don’t know what to do, so they may panic or ignore the situation. You being calm and helpful sets the tone.

  • Call for Help if Needed: If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or the person is injured, alert emergency services.

  • Talk to Security or Staff: They might have medical training or resources that can help.

Don’t worry about looking silly or dramatic. You’re potentially saving a life.

Seizures While Driving

This is one of the most dangerous scenarios. If you’re driving and a passenger starts seizing:

  • Pull Over Immediately: Turn on your hazard lights and stop in a safe spot.

  • Secure the Vehicle: Put the car in park and turn off the engine.

  • Tend to the Person: Follow the same seizure protocol — make sure they’re safe and not hitting hard surfaces.

  • Call for Help: If you’re unsure what to do or if the seizure lasts long, dial emergency services.

If the person driving has a seizure, the risk of a crash is high. Most people with epilepsy have driving restrictions or must prove seizure control before getting behind the wheel. If you suspect someone had a seizure while driving, report it — it may save lives.

Seizures in Children or People with Disabilities

Caring for vulnerable individuals during a seizure takes extra thought and care. Here’s what you should do:

  • Follow Their Plan: Many children or disabled individuals have specific seizure response plans. If you know it, use it.

  • Inform Caregivers or Guardians: Immediately notify parents, teachers, or aides.

  • Be Gentle and Patient: They may take longer to recover or react differently post-seizure.

  • Stay Calm for Their Sake: Kids, in particular, feed off the energy around them. Your calmness helps regulate their fear.

Always prioritize comfort, safety, and dignity — regardless of age or ability.

Creating a Seizure Response Plan

What to Include in a Plan

Having a seizure response plan is like having a fire escape route — you hope you never need it, but it can save lives when emergencies strike. A well-thought-out plan helps friends, family, teachers, co-workers, and caregivers respond quickly and safely when a seizure occurs.

Here’s what a seizure response plan should include:

  1. Personal Information:

    • Full name, age, and emergency contact details

    • Medical condition (e.g., epilepsy, seizure disorder)

    • Name and number of their neurologist or doctor

  2. Seizure Description:

    • Type(s) of seizures they experience

    • Typical duration and symptoms

    • Frequency of seizures

  3. Triggers and Auras:

    • Known seizure triggers (e.g., stress, flashing lights, lack of sleep)

    • Signs or auras that may warn of an oncoming seizure

  4. First Aid Instructions:

    • Step-by-step guide on what to do and not do

    • Positioning and safety measures

    • Timing the seizure

  5. When to Call for Help:

    • Clear signs that emergency medical services should be contacted

    • Any specific medications that need to be administered (if applicable)

  6. Aftercare Guidelines:

    • Instructions on how to help the person recover

    • Any emotional or cognitive support they might need

  7. Daily Medication Details:

    • Medications they’re on

    • Doses and schedules

    • What to do if a dose is missed

This document should be kept updated, printed, and easily accessible. You can also save a digital copy on your phone or in a shared folder so caregivers can access it quickly.

How to Train Others

A seizure plan is only as good as the people who understand it. Training others — especially those who interact daily with the person who has seizures — is crucial.

Here’s how to get started:

  • Hold Informational Meetings: Schools, workplaces, and community groups should organize small group sessions to go over the seizure plan.

  • Use Visual Aids: Videos, posters, or infographics can make the information easier to retain.

  • Simulate Scenarios: Role-play emergency responses to boost confidence and preparedness.

  • Encourage Questions: Make space for others to ask “what if” questions — these lead to better understanding.

  • Discuss Legal Responsibilities: Teachers and employers should know their duty of care obligations.

Training doesn’t have to be complex or medical. Even basic awareness can be lifesaving. Empower others with knowledge and practice, and they’ll feel more prepared — not just for helping, but for reacting without fear or hesitation.

How to Support Someone with Epilepsy

Emotional and Social Support

Living with epilepsy can be incredibly isolating. People often feel misunderstood, stigmatized, or even ashamed — especially if they’ve had a public seizure. Your support as a friend, family member, or colleague can make a huge difference.

Here’s how you can be there emotionally:

  • Be a Good Listener: Sometimes they just need to vent or share their fears.

  • Respect Their Boundaries: Some people are open about their condition, others aren’t. Let them lead the conversation.

  • Offer Reassurance: If they have a seizure in public, don’t make a big deal out of it. Reassure them it’s okay.

  • Be Inclusive: Don’t exclude them from activities because of their condition. Ask them what works for them instead.

  • Support Mental Health: Anxiety and depression are common in people with epilepsy. Encourage professional help if needed.

The emotional toll of epilepsy isn’t talked about enough. Being there, showing you care, and treating them like a whole person — not a diagnosis — is often the best form of support.

Practical Tips for Daily Living

Living with seizures means making thoughtful adjustments to everyday life — and you can help with that too.

  • Safety at Home: Remove sharp furniture corners, add padding where needed, and install non-slip mats in the bathroom.

  • Driving Restrictions: People with uncontrolled seizures should not drive. Help with transportation if needed.

  • Medication Management: Remind them to take meds on time, and help track side effects.

  • ID Bracelets: Encourage wearing medical alert jewelry in case of emergencies.

  • Routine Support: Stress, fatigue, and irregular schedules can trigger seizures. Help them stay organized and consistent.

These small changes can build independence, boost confidence, and reduce risk — which ultimately helps them live a fuller, safer life.

Myths and Misconceptions About Seizures

Debunking Common Myths

Let’s set the record straight — seizures and epilepsy are surrounded by outdated, often harmful myths. Here are a few we need to bust for good:

  • Myth: “People swallow their tongues during a seizure.”

    • Truth: It’s physically impossible. Don’t put anything in their mouth — it could harm them.

  • Myth: “All seizures are convulsions.”

    • Truth: Many seizures involve no movement at all — like absence or focal seizures.

  • Myth: “Only children have seizures.”

    • Truth: Seizures can affect anyone at any age, from infants to the elderly.

  • Myth: “Seizures are a form of possession or mental illness.”

    • Truth: This harmful belief still exists in some communities. Seizures are neurological — they come from the brain, not spirits or demons.

  • Myth: “People with epilepsy can’t live normal lives.”

    • Truth: With proper treatment and support, most people with epilepsy lead full, active, and successful lives.

Correcting these myths is everyone’s responsibility. The more we know, the better we treat others.

Educating the Community

Creating an epilepsy-friendly community starts with awareness. Here’s how you can be part of that change:

  • Host Information Sessions: At schools, churches, or community centers.

  • Share Real Stories: Personal narratives break down stigma and humanize the condition.

  • Distribute Flyers or Digital Resources: Keep them simple and fact-based.

  • Collaborate with Local Health Departments: They may offer training or resources.

  • Speak Up When You Hear Myths: Use compassion, not criticism, to educate.

Every time you share accurate information, you chip away at stigma and build a world where people with epilepsy feel safe, supported, and understood.

Legal and Workplace Considerations

Your Rights in the Workplace

If you or someone you know lives with epilepsy, understanding workplace rights is crucial. Seizures shouldn’t be a barrier to employment, but unfortunately, discrimination and misunderstanding still happen. The good news? Legal protections exist to help level the playing field.

Here’s what you should know:

  • The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects individuals with epilepsy in the workplace. Employers are prohibited from discriminating against qualified individuals who can perform essential job functions, with or without reasonable accommodations.

  • You are not required to disclose your condition unless you’re requesting an accommodation. However, if safety is a concern or if seizures might affect your ability to perform specific tasks, disclosure may help prevent misunderstandings.

  • Employers must provide reasonable accommodations. These might include:

    • Allowing flexible work hours to manage medication schedules

    • Providing a private space to rest after a seizure

    • Assigning duties that minimize risk (e.g., avoiding work with heavy machinery if necessary)

If you feel your rights have been violated, you can file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

Many people with epilepsy lead productive careers in education, healthcare, IT, business, and more. Awareness and self-advocacy can make a big difference in how you’re treated at work.

Disclosing a Condition at Work

Deciding whether to tell your boss or coworkers about your seizures is deeply personal. There’s no right or wrong answer — only what feels right for you. Still, there are some pros and cons worth considering.

Pros of Disclosure:

  • You can receive workplace accommodations.

  • Coworkers will know what to do in case of a seizure.

  • It can reduce anxiety about “what if” situations.

Cons of Disclosure:

  • Potential stigma or misunderstanding (especially if your employer is uninformed).

  • Fear of being treated differently or unfairly.

  • Concern about privacy and confidentiality.

If you choose to disclose, do so thoughtfully:

  • Pick a time when things are calm.

  • Keep the explanation short and factual.

  • Share seizure first-aid instructions if necessary.

  • Ask for specific accommodations if needed.

You can also request that your HR department document your condition and accommodations confidentially. Knowledge is power — and you deserve a safe, supportive workplace.

Tools and Resources

Medical ID Bracelets and Apps

Technology has come a long way in helping people manage seizures more safely and efficiently. One of the simplest but most effective tools? A medical ID bracelet. If you have a seizure in public and can’t speak for yourself, this small accessory can speak volumes.

A good medical ID should include:

  • Your name

  • Epilepsy or seizure disorder diagnosis

  • Emergency contact number

  • Medications or allergies

  • “Call 911” or other first-aid directions

In addition to physical bracelets, many people now use seizure tracking apps, such as:

  • Seizure Tracker

  • EpiDiary

  • My Seizure Diary by Epilepsy Foundation

These tools allow users to log seizure activity, triggers, symptoms, and medication doses. Some even sync with smartwatches to alert caregivers when a seizure is detected.

Apps can be life-changing. They empower individuals to take control of their health and provide detailed information to doctors for better treatment planning.

Support Groups and Helplines

You don’t have to go through this alone. Whether you’re living with epilepsy or caring for someone who is, connecting with others who understand your experience can be incredibly healing.

Here are some helpful support networks:

  • Epilepsy Foundation: Offers nationwide support groups, webinars, and resources.

  • CURE Epilepsy: Focused on research, advocacy, and community building.

  • Local hospitals or neurology clinics: Often host in-person support groups or education nights.

  • Facebook and Reddit Groups: For those who prefer online interaction and anonymity.

Also, consider these helplines:

  • Epilepsy Foundation Helpline: 1-800-332-1000

  • Mental Health America: 1-800-273-TALK (for emotional support)

  • Crisis Text Line: Text “HELLO” to 741741

Whether you need medical advice, a listening ear, or just someone to say, “I’ve been there,” these communities are here to help.

Conclusion

Seizures can be sudden, frightening, and unpredictable — but knowing how to respond can turn panic into purpose. Whether you’re witnessing a seizure for the first time or supporting someone who lives with epilepsy, your actions matter. Stay calm, ensure the person’s safety, and follow the proper steps. Knowing when to seek emergency help, how to aid in recovery, and what resources are available empowers everyone — not just the person having the seizure.

Understanding seizures is more than just memorizing first aid steps. It’s about breaking down myths, showing compassion, and helping build a world that’s safer and more supportive for everyone. With the right knowledge, tools, and attitude, we can replace fear with confidence — and maybe even save a life in the process.

FAQs

1. Can you die from a seizure?
Yes, although it’s rare. Most seizures are not life-threatening. However, prolonged seizures (lasting over 5 minutes) or repeated seizures without recovery in between can lead to serious complications, including death. Conditions like SUDEP (Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy) are extremely rare but possible.

2. Should you hold someone down during a seizure?
No. Holding someone down can cause injuries to both you and the person seizing. Instead, focus on clearing the area around them and protecting their head from injury.

3. What causes a seizure in someone who’s never had one before?
A first-time seizure can be triggered by many things — high fever, brain infection, head injury, drug withdrawal, low blood sugar, or an underlying medical condition. It’s important to get medical evaluation after any first-time seizure.

4. Are seizures contagious?
No. Seizures are not contagious. You cannot “catch” one from someone who has epilepsy. It’s a neurological condition — not an infectious disease.

5. Is it necessary to go to the hospital after every seizure?
Not always. Many people with epilepsy recover at home without needing emergency care. However, if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, the person is injured, or it’s their first seizure, call for medical help immediately.

DISCLAIMER:-This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis and emergency treatment.

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