What to Do If Someone Has a Stroke
When someone has a stroke, every second counts. A stroke is a serious medical emergency that occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Without prompt treatment, brain cells begin to die within minutes. Knowing how to act quickly and correctly can make the difference between a full recovery and permanent disability—or even death.
Let’s break down exactly what you need to do when a stroke strikes, how to recognize the signs, and what steps to take in the critical moments that follow.
Understanding Stroke
What is a Stroke?
A stroke, often called a “brain attack,” happens when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. When brain cells don’t get enough oxygen, they start to die. The parts of the body controlled by these cells begin to fail. The consequences can be life-altering.
Strokes can cause paralysis, problems with speech and language, memory loss, and emotional difficulties. But not all strokes are the same. The type, severity, and location of the stroke determine its impact. The faster someone receives treatment, the better their chances of recovery. That’s why knowing what a stroke is—and what it looks like—is so important.
Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide and one of the top causes of death. Yet many people are still unaware of its warning signs or what to do in an emergency. You don’t need to be a doctor to save a life—you just need to know what to watch for and how to act fast.
Types of Stroke
Not all strokes are created equal. Understanding the different types can help you recognize what might be happening in real-time.
Ischemic Stroke
This is the most common type, making up about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood clot blocks or narrows a blood vessel leading to the brain. This blockage can be caused by a blood clot that forms in the brain (thrombotic stroke) or one that travels from another part of the body (embolic stroke). Treatments often include clot-busting drugs or procedures to remove the clot.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
This type happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, leading to bleeding in or around the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes can result from high blood pressure, trauma, or aneurysms. This kind of stroke is often more severe and may require surgery to stop the bleeding and relieve pressure on the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Sometimes called a “mini-stroke,” a TIA is a temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain. Symptoms are similar to a full stroke but usually last only a few minutes to hours. Though it may seem minor, a TIA is a major red flag—up to 1 in 3 people who have a TIA will have a full stroke within a year if they don’t receive treatment.
Recognizing the Signs of a Stroke
FAST Method
The easiest way to remember stroke symptoms is the acronym FAST:
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F – Face Drooping: Is one side of the person’s face numb or drooping? Ask them to smile.
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A – Arm Weakness: Is one arm weak or numb? Ask them to raise both arms. Does one drift downward?
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S – Speech Difficulty: Is their speech slurred or strange? Can they repeat a simple sentence correctly?
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T – Time to Call 911: If you observe any of these signs, call emergency services immediately.
The FAST test is used worldwide and can be a lifesaver. It takes just seconds to do but can change the course of someone’s life. Time is everything.
Other Symptoms to Watch For
Not all strokes show the classic FAST signs. Some other symptoms might include:
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Sudden confusion or trouble understanding speech
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Sudden numbness or weakness in the leg, especially on one side
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Trouble seeing in one or both eyes
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Difficulty walking, dizziness, or loss of balance and coordination
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Sudden severe headache with no known cause
These signs can be subtle or dramatic. The key is to act immediately if anything seems off. Don’t wait for the symptoms to pass.
Immediate Actions to Take
Call Emergency Services Immediately
If you suspect someone is having a stroke, call emergency services without hesitation. Don’t wait to see if symptoms go away. Every minute without oxygen damages more brain tissue. Emergency responders are trained to handle strokes quickly and can notify the hospital to prepare for the patient’s arrival.
Even if the person resists or seems to improve, make the call. It’s always better to be safe than sorry when it comes to strokes.
Keep the Person Safe and Comfortable
While waiting for help to arrive, ensure the person is in a safe and comfortable position. Ideally, have them lie on their side with their head slightly elevated. This position helps reduce the risk of choking if they vomit and improves blood flow.
Keep them calm. Speak reassuringly and avoid panic. Don’t let them move around much, especially if they’re dizzy or weak.
Do Not Give Food or Water
This is critical. A stroke often affects a person’s ability to swallow properly. Giving food, drink, or medication could cause choking or aspiration (where food or drink goes into the lungs).
Even if they ask for water, politely but firmly decline. Wait for medical professionals to assess them.
Note the Time Symptoms Began
One of the first things doctors will ask is when the symptoms started. This information determines whether certain treatments, like clot-busting medication, can be used. If you’re unsure, try to note the last time the person was seen acting normally.
This simple detail could change the entire treatment plan and improve outcomes drastically.
What Not to Do During a Stroke
Avoid Giving Medication
Unless a healthcare professional instructs you, do not give aspirin or any other medication. While aspirin is often used for heart attacks, it can worsen bleeding in hemorrhagic strokes. You won’t know the stroke type until a scan is done, so it’s best to avoid any medication.
Don’t Drive Them to the Hospital Yourself
Unless you live hours away from medical care, it’s almost always better to wait for an ambulance. Emergency responders can start treatment on the way and alert the hospital before arrival. This speeds up critical care. Driving also puts the patient at risk if their condition worsens en route.
Don’t Ignore the Symptoms
One of the biggest mistakes people make is assuming the symptoms will go away or that it’s not serious. Time lost is brain lost. Even if the person seems fine after a few minutes (especially in a TIA), seek medical help immediately.
Emergency Medical Treatment
What Happens in the ER
Once the ambulance arrives and the patient reaches the emergency room, things move fast. The first goal is diagnosis and stabilization. Doctors typically perform a neurological exam, measure vital signs, and order a brain imaging scan, usually a CT scan or MRI, to determine the type of stroke—ischemic or hemorrhagic.
Time is crucial. If the stroke is ischemic, doctors must act quickly to break up or remove the clot. If it’s hemorrhagic, the focus is on stopping the bleeding and relieving pressure on the brain. Regardless of the type, the ER team may also:
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Administer oxygen to support brain function
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Monitor heart rhythm, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation
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Start IV fluids and possibly medications
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Prepare for potential surgery or intensive care
ER staff often follow specific stroke protocols, sometimes called “stroke codes,” designed to accelerate diagnosis and treatment. Hospitals with certified stroke centers are equipped to handle these emergencies more efficiently.
Clot-Busting Medications
For ischemic strokes, the go-to treatment is often tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)—a clot-busting drug that can dissolve the clot and restore blood flow. But it comes with a strict time limit: ideally within 3 to 4.5 hours of symptom onset. That’s why knowing the time symptoms began is so important.
If the patient qualifies for tPA, it’s given through an IV and can significantly improve recovery chances. However, it’s not suitable for all patients—especially those with certain medical conditions, recent surgeries, or hemorrhagic strokes.
In some cases, doctors might use mechanical thrombectomy, a procedure where a catheter is inserted through a blood vessel to physically remove the clot. This is often used for large artery blockages and can be effective up to 24 hours after symptoms start, depending on the case.
Surgical Interventions
If the stroke is hemorrhagic or if brain swelling is severe, surgery might be necessary. Types of surgical treatments include:
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Aneurysm clipping or coiling to prevent or control bleeding
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Craniotomy to relieve pressure on the brain
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Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) removal if a tangle of abnormal vessels caused the stroke
Surgery is more common with hemorrhagic strokes but can be a lifesaving option in both types. ICU care often follows to monitor brain activity and recovery closely.
After Emergency Care
Hospital Recovery
Once the initial emergency is handled, patients are usually moved to a stroke unit or ICU for monitoring. This period focuses on stabilization, complication prevention, and preparing for rehabilitation. Doctors will manage blood pressure, cholesterol, and glucose levels to reduce the risk of another stroke.
Common complications in this phase include:
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Blood clots
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Pneumonia
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Bedsores
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Infections
Patients may also experience post-stroke depression, confusion, or memory issues. The care team often includes neurologists, nurses, speech and physical therapists, and sometimes a psychologist or psychiatrist.
Every stroke is different, and so is every recovery. Some patients walk out of the hospital in a few days. Others need long-term care. What matters most is ongoing support, monitoring, and a tailored recovery plan.
Rehabilitation Services
Stroke rehabilitation typically begins within 24-48 hours after admission, provided the patient is stable. Early rehab is key for brain recovery, especially in the first few weeks.
Rehab services may include:
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Physical therapy: To improve mobility, strength, and balance
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Occupational therapy: For relearning daily tasks like dressing, eating, or writing
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Speech-language therapy: To address problems with speaking, understanding, or swallowing
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Cognitive therapy: For memory, problem-solving, and emotional control
Rehabilitation can occur in the hospital, at a specialized rehab facility, or at home, depending on the severity of the stroke and the patient’s condition. Family members often play a vital role in supporting daily rehab routines.
Emotional and Psychological Support
A stroke doesn’t just affect the body—it impacts emotions, identity, and relationships. Many stroke survivors experience:
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Depression and anxiety
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Frustration over lost abilities
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Mood swings or personality changes
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Fear of another stroke
That’s why mental health support is a crucial part of recovery. Therapy, counseling, medication, and support groups can help stroke survivors and caregivers cope with these changes. Encouraging small wins and staying optimistic can make a big difference in emotional healing.
Preventing Another Stroke
Lifestyle Changes
One stroke increases the chance of another. But here’s the good news—up to 80% of second strokes can be prevented with the right lifestyle changes. These include:
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Quitting smoking: Smoking thickens the blood and increases clot risk.
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Eating a heart-healthy diet: Focus on vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and low-sodium meals.
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Exercising regularly: Even 30 minutes of walking a day can make a huge difference.
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Limiting alcohol: Especially important for hemorrhagic stroke survivors.
Weight loss, reducing stress, and better sleep also lower the risk. The key is consistency and commitment. These aren’t crash-course fixes—they’re lifelong habits that save lives.
Medications and Monitoring
Depending on the type of stroke and underlying causes, doctors may prescribe:
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Antiplatelets (like aspirin) or anticoagulants (like warfarin) to prevent clots
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Statins to lower cholesterol
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Blood pressure medications
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Diabetes medications
Regular checkups are essential to monitor how these drugs are working and to catch any side effects early. Patients may need routine blood tests or blood pressure monitoring at home.
Regular Medical Checkups
Routine doctor visits help detect problems before they become emergencies. Follow-up appointments may include:
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Blood tests
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Brain scans
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Heart tests (like echocardiograms)
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Carotid artery ultrasounds
Primary care providers, neurologists, and cardiologists often work together to manage a stroke survivor’s long-term care. This team approach ensures that the patient stays on track and reduces the chance of another stroke.
Supporting a Stroke Survivor
Daily Care Tips
Caring for someone recovering from a stroke can be emotionally and physically demanding. From helping them dress in the morning to ensuring they take their medications, caregivers become the backbone of the recovery process. Here are some essential tips for daily care:
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Create a safe home environment: Remove tripping hazards, install grab bars in bathrooms, and use non-slip rugs. Safety first.
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Encourage independence: Let them do as much as they can safely. It boosts confidence and aids recovery.
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Stick to a routine: Establish consistent meal times, medication schedules, and therapy sessions to provide structure.
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Track progress: Keep a journal of improvements and setbacks. It helps doctors adjust care plans and motivates the patient.
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Prioritize nutrition and hydration: Offer healthy meals and make sure they drink enough fluids.
It’s important not to overlook the caregiver’s needs. Take breaks, ask for help, and connect with other caregivers. You can’t pour from an empty cup.
Communication Strategies
Stroke survivors often face aphasia (difficulty speaking or understanding speech) or dysarthria (slurred speech). Communicating with them can be challenging but not impossible. Here’s how to make it easier:
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Be patient: Give them time to respond.
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Use simple words and short sentences: Avoid complicated instructions or multiple questions at once.
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Ask yes/no questions: These are easier to answer.
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Use gestures, writing, or pictures: Sometimes pointing or drawing helps where words fail.
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Don’t pretend to understand: If you don’t get what they’re saying, kindly ask them to repeat or show you.
Rebuilding communication skills takes time, but celebrating small improvements can encourage the survivor to keep pushing forward.
Encouraging Independence
Stroke can strip people of their independence, but the goal is always to help them regain as much autonomy as possible. Start small:
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Let them brush their own teeth even if it takes longer.
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Encourage them to use assistive devices like walkers or adaptive utensils.
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Involve them in decision-making about their care and daily routine.
These moments help rebuild confidence. Remember: Independence isn’t about doing everything alone—it’s about doing what you can, when you can, safely.
Legal and Financial Considerations
Power of Attorney and Health Directives
A stroke can impair a person’s ability to make decisions, especially if it affects memory or reasoning. That’s why legal planning is crucial, even early in recovery.
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Power of Attorney (POA): Allows a trusted person to manage financial or medical decisions if the stroke survivor is unable to.
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Advance Directives: Legal documents that spell out a person’s healthcare preferences if they can’t speak for themselves.
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Living Will: Outlines specific treatments they do or do not want in critical medical situations.
These documents prevent confusion, avoid family conflict, and ensure that the survivor’s wishes are honored. If these weren’t in place before the stroke, consider working with a legal advisor to establish them as soon as possible.
Insurance and Medical Expenses
Stroke care can be expensive, especially if long-term rehabilitation, home care, or specialized therapies are required. Here are some key considerations:
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Understand your insurance plan: Know what’s covered—hospital stays, medications, rehab, and home care.
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Apply for disability benefits: In many countries, stroke survivors qualify for government aid or disability income.
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Explore financial aid programs: Many hospitals and nonprofits offer help with bills or equipment costs.
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Keep records: Maintain detailed logs of expenses, insurance claims, and doctor visits for tax or legal purposes.
Financial stress can delay recovery. Planning early helps avoid unnecessary burdens on the survivor and their family.
Community and Support Resources
Stroke Support Groups
Recovery isn’t just physical—it’s also emotional. Stroke support groups offer a place to share experiences, get advice, and find encouragement. These groups are often run by hospitals, rehabilitation centers, or national stroke organizations.
Benefits of joining a support group include:
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Emotional relief: It helps to know you’re not alone.
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Shared tips: Members often share coping strategies that worked for them.
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Friendship and connection: Social interaction is key to emotional well-being.
Caregivers can benefit too. Being part of a group can reduce burnout and provide a sense of community.
Online Communities and Helplines
For those who can’t attend in-person meetings, online communities are a lifeline. Forums, Facebook groups, and dedicated websites offer 24/7 access to information and support.
Some helpful resources include:
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National Stroke Association
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American Stroke Association
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Different Strokes (UK)
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Reddit stroke forums
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Dedicated YouTube channels with rehab exercises
In addition, many stroke organizations offer helplines where trained professionals provide information, referrals, and emotional support.
Don’t underestimate the value of connection. Recovery is faster—and less lonely—with others by your side.
Educating Others
Spreading Awareness About Stroke
The more people who know about stroke, the more lives that can be saved. If you’ve experienced or witnessed a stroke, you’re uniquely positioned to educate others. Share your story. Explain the signs. Advocate for stroke awareness at schools, workplaces, or community events.
Consider hosting:
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Informational workshops
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Health fair booths
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First aid training sessions
Even a conversation over coffee can make a difference. The more people who know how to recognize and respond to stroke symptoms, the better the outcomes for everyone.
Teaching the FAST Method to Others
One of the simplest and most impactful things you can do? Teach the FAST method to your friends, coworkers, and family. Make it part of classroom lessons, first aid courses, or social media posts.
Here’s a quick way to spread the word:
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Print flyers and post them at local community centers.
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Share infographics on Facebook, Instagram, or WhatsApp.
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Organize a “Stroke Awareness Day” at your workplace or school.
Remember: Knowledge is power. The more people who recognize stroke symptoms, the quicker action can be taken—and the more lives that can be saved.
Conclusion
A stroke is terrifying—but knowing what to do can turn panic into purpose. From recognizing the signs using the FAST method to calling emergency services, every action counts. Timely treatment can mean the difference between full recovery and permanent disability.
After the emergency, the journey continues with hospital care, rehab, and lifestyle changes. Whether you’re a stroke survivor, caregiver, or concerned friend, your role matters. Recovery is never easy, but with knowledge, support, and determination, it is possible.
We all have a part to play in fighting stroke—by staying informed, making healthier choices, and educating others.
FAQs
1. How long do stroke symptoms last?
It depends on the stroke type. TIA symptoms may disappear in minutes, while ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes can cause lasting damage.
2. Can someone recover fully after a stroke?
Yes, many people make a full or significant recovery, especially with early treatment and rehabilitation.
3. Is it safe to sleep after a stroke?
Only after medical attention. Don’t let someone “sleep it off” before a doctor has evaluated them.
4. What’s the difference between a stroke and a heart attack?
A stroke affects the brain due to interrupted blood flow, while a heart attack affects the heart muscle.
5. Can stress cause a stroke?
Chronic stress can contribute to stroke risk by raising blood pressure and encouraging unhealthy habits.
DISCLAIMER:-This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a healthcare provider for diagnosis and emergency treatment.
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